// Package read provides a buffered input reader that is used to feed data to the tokenizer.
//
// Functionally, it provides an input buffer in the form of a sliding window.
// Let's say we've got the following input coming up in the io.Reader that is
// wrapped by the Reader:
//
//     |H|e|l|l|o|,| |w|o|r|l|d|!|  <-- bytes
//      0           6           12  <-- byte offset
//
// The Reader can now be used to retrieve data from the input, based on their
// byte offset, e.g. using RuneAt(offset) or ByteAt(offset). Normally these data
// will be retrieved in sequence by the user of this code, but that is not a
// requirement. Let's say we right away ask to retrieve the byte with offset 6
// from the input (the 'w'). The Reader buffer will then be filled with at
// least 6 bytes and the bytes at offset 6 will be returned.
//
// Note: the actual Reader would not stop after reading the byte at offset 6.
// For performance reasons, it would read as much data into the available buffer
// space as  possible (but no more than the available space).
//
//     |H|e|l|l|o| |w|
//      0           6
//
// This means that you can retrieve data for arbitrary offsets. If you request
// offsets that are already in the Reader buffer, then the buffered data are
// returned. If you request an offset that is not available in the buffer, then
// the buffer will be expanded.
//
// To make this into a sliding window (which preserves memory space while scanning
// the input data), the Reader provides the method Flush(numberOfBytes).
// This method will drop the provided number of bytes from the Reader buffer.
// So when we'd do a Flush(3) on the example buffer from above, then the Reader
// buffer would become:
//
//     |l|o| |w|
//      0     3
//
// Note that the offset for the first rune 'l' in the buffer is now 0.
// You can consider the complete input to be changed in a similar way:
//
//     |l|o|,| |w|o|r|l|d|!|
//      0           6     9
//
// So after a flush, the first upcoming rune after the flushed runes
// will always be at offset 0.
package read

import (
	"bufio"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strings"
	"unicode/utf8"
)

// New initializes a new Buffer struct, wrapped around the provided input.
//
// The input can be any one of the following types:
//
// • string
//
// • a type implementing io.Reader
//
// • bufio.Reader
func New(input interface{}) Buffer {
	return Buffer{
		bufio: makeBufioReader(input),
	}
}

func makeBufioReader(input interface{}) *bufio.Reader {
	switch input := input.(type) {
	case bufio.Reader:
		return &input
	case *bufio.Reader:
		return input
	case io.Reader:
		return bufio.NewReader(input)
	case string:
		return bufio.NewReader(strings.NewReader(input))
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("parsekit.read.New(): no support for input of type %T", input))
	}
}

// Buffer wraps around a bufio.Reader and provides an additional layer of
// buffering that allows us to read the same data over and over again.
// This is useful for implementing a parser that must be able to do lookahead
// on the input, returning to the original input position after finishing
// that lookahead).
//
// To minimize memory use, it is also possible to flush the read buffer when there is
// no more need to go back to previously read data.
//
// This buffer is used internally by tokenize.API.
type Buffer struct {
	bufio     *bufio.Reader // used for ReadRune()
	buffer    []byte        // input buffer, holding bytes that were read from input
	cap       int           // the full buffer capacity
	start     int           // the offset from where on to read buffered data in the buffer
	len       int           // the length of the buffered data
	err       error         // a read error, if one occurred
	errOffset int           // the offset in the buffer at which the read error was encountered
}

// RuneAt reads the rune at the provided byte offset.
//
// The byte offset is relative to the current starting position of the Buffer.
// When starting reading, offset 0 will point at the start of the input.
// After flushing some bytes, offset 0 will point at the input up to where
// the flush was done.
//
// When reading was successful, the rune and the width of the rune in bytes
// will be returned. The returned error will be nil.
// When an invalid UTF8 rune is encountered on the input, the error will be nil,
// but the rune will be utf8.RuneError
//
// When reading failed, the rune will be utf8.RuneError and the error will
// be not nil. One special read fail is actually a normal situation: end
// of file reached. In that case, the returned error wille be io.EOF.
//
// Once a read error is encountered, that same read error will guaranteed
// be return on every subsequent read at or beyond the provided offset.
func (buf *Buffer) RuneAt(offset int) (rune, int, error) {
	if buf.len < offset+utf8.MaxRune && buf.err == nil {
		buf.fill(offset + utf8.UTFMax)
	}
	if buf.err != nil && offset >= buf.errOffset {
		return utf8.RuneError, 0, buf.err
	}
	r, w := utf8.DecodeRune(buf.buffer[buf.start+offset:])
	return r, w, nil
}

// ByteAt reads the byte at the provided byte offset.
//
// The byte offset is relative to the current starting position of the Buffer.
// When starting reading, offset 0 will point at the start of the input.
// After flushing, offset 0 will point at the input up to where the flush
// was done.
//
// When reading was successful, the byte will be returned. The returned
// error will be nil.
//
// When reading failed, the byte will be 0x00 and the error will
// not be nil. One special read fail is actually a normal situation: end
// of file reached. In that case, the returned error wille be io.EOF.
//
// Once a read error is encountered, that same read error will guaranteed
// be return on every subsequent read at or beyond the provided offset.
func (buf *Buffer) ByteAt(offset int) (byte, error) {
	if buf.len < offset+1 && buf.err == nil {
		buf.fill(offset + 1)
	}
	if buf.err != nil && offset >= buf.errOffset {
		return 0, buf.err
	}
	return buf.buffer[buf.start+offset], nil
}

// BytesAt reads at max the provided number of bytes at the provided byte offset.
//
// The byte offset is relative to the current starting position of the Buffer.
// When starting reading, offset 0 will point at the start of the input.
// After flushing, offset 0 will point at the input up to where the flush
// was done.
//
// When reading was successful, the byte will be returned. The returned
// error will be nil.
//
// When reading failed, the returned byte slice might be empty, or it might
// contain a part of the requsted bytes. The error will not be nil.
// One special read fail is actually a normal situation: end
// of file reached. In that case, the returned error wille be io.EOF.
//
// Once a read error is encountered, that same read error will guaranteed
// be return on every subsequent read at or beyond the provided offset.
func (buf *Buffer) BytesAt(offset int, count int) ([]byte, error) {
	if buf.len < offset+count && buf.err == nil {
		buf.fill(offset + count)
	}

	if buf.err != nil && offset+count > buf.errOffset {
		return buf.buffer[buf.start+offset : buf.start+buf.errOffset], buf.err
	}
	return buf.buffer[buf.start+offset : buf.start+offset+count], nil
}

func (buf *Buffer) BufferedBytesAt(offset int) ([]byte, error) {
	if buf.len < offset+1 && buf.err == nil {
		buf.fill(offset + 1)
	}

	if buf.err != nil {
		return buf.buffer[buf.start+offset : buf.start+buf.errOffset], buf.err
	}
	return buf.buffer[buf.start+offset : buf.start+buf.len], nil
}

func (buf *Buffer) fill(minBytes int) {
	// Grow the buffer so it can contain at least the number of requested bytes.
	if minBytes > buf.cap-buf.start {
		buf.grow(minBytes)
	}

	// Try to fill the buffer completely with data from our source.
	// This is more efficient than only filling the data up to the point where
	// we can read the data at the 'minBytes' position. Ideally, the buffer is
	// filled completely with data to work with.
	availableLen := buf.cap - buf.start
	for buf.len < availableLen {
		// Read bytes from our source, and append them to the end of the
		// current buffer data.
		n, err := buf.bufio.Read(buf.buffer[buf.len:buf.cap])
		buf.len += n

		if err != nil {
			buf.err = err
			buf.errOffset = buf.len
			break
		}
	}
}

const defaultBufferSize = 1024
const runeCacheSize = 128

// ErrTooLarge is passed to panic if memory cannot be allocated to store data in a buffer.
var ErrTooLarge = errors.New("parsekit.read.Buffer: too large")

// grow grows the buffer to guarantee space for at least the requested amount
// of bytes, either shifting data around or reallocating the buffer.
// When reallocating, the new buffer size will always be a multitude of the
// default buffer size.
func (buf *Buffer) grow(minBytes int) {
	// When possible, grow the buffer by moving the data to the start of
	// the buffer, freeing up extra capacity at the end.
	if buf.start > 0 && minBytes <= buf.cap {
		copy(buf.buffer, buf.buffer[buf.start:buf.start+buf.len])
		buf.start = 0
		return
	}

	// Grow the buffer store by allocating a new one and copying the data.
	newbufCap := (minBytes / defaultBufferSize) * defaultBufferSize
	if minBytes%defaultBufferSize > 0 {
		newbufCap += defaultBufferSize
	}
	newStore := makeSlice(newbufCap)

	copy(newStore, buf.buffer[buf.start:buf.start+buf.len])
	buf.buffer = newStore
	buf.start = 0
	buf.cap = newbufCap
	return
}

// makeSlice allocates a slice of size n. If the allocation fails, it panics
// with ErrTooLarge.
func makeSlice(c int) []byte {
	// If the make fails, give a known error.
	defer func() {
		if recover() != nil {
			panic(ErrTooLarge)
		}
	}()
	return make([]byte, c)
}

// Flush deletes the provided number of bytes from the start of the Buffer.
// After flushing the Buffer, offset 0 as used by RuneAt() and ByteAt() will
// point to the first byte that came after the bytes that were flushed.
func (buf *Buffer) Flush(numberOfBytes int) {
	if numberOfBytes == 0 {
		return
	}

	if numberOfBytes > buf.len {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf(
			"parsekit.read.Buffer.Flush(): number of bytes to flush (%d) "+
				"exceeds size of the buffered data (%d)", numberOfBytes, buf.len))
	}

	if buf.len == numberOfBytes {
		buf.len = 0
		buf.start = 0
		buf.errOffset = 0
		return
	}

	if buf.err != nil {
		buf.errOffset -= numberOfBytes
	}
	buf.start += numberOfBytes
	buf.len -= numberOfBytes
}