package tokenize

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net"
	"runtime"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf8"
)

// C provides convenient access to a range of parser/combinators that can be
// used to construct Handler functions.
//
// Parser/combinators are so called higher order functions that take in one
// or more other Handler functions and output a new Handler. They can be
// used to combine Handler functions in useful ways to create new more complex
// Handler functions.
//
// When using C in your own parser, then it is advised to create a variable
// to reference it, for example:
//
//     c := tokenize.C
//
// Doing so saves you a lot of typing, and it makes your code a lot cleaner.
var C = struct {
	Any        func(...Handler) Handler
	Not        func(Handler) Handler
	Opt        func(Handler) Handler
	Seq        func(...Handler) Handler
	Rep        func(times int, handler Handler) Handler
	Min        func(min int, handler Handler) Handler
	Max        func(max int, handler Handler) Handler
	ZeroOrMore func(Handler) Handler
	OneOrMore  func(Handler) Handler
	MinMax     func(min int, max int, handler Handler) Handler
	Separated  func(separated Handler, separator Handler) Handler
	Except     func(except Handler, handler Handler) Handler
}{
	Opt:        MatchOpt,
	Any:        MatchAny,
	Not:        MatchNot,
	Seq:        MatchSeq,
	Rep:        MatchRep,
	Min:        MatchMin,
	Max:        MatchMax,
	ZeroOrMore: MatchZeroOrMore,
	OneOrMore:  MatchOneOrMore,
	MinMax:     MatchMinMax,
	Separated:  MatchSeparated,
	Except:     MatchExcept,
}

// A provides convenient access to a range of atoms or functions to build atoms.
//
// When using A in your own parser, then it is advised to create a variable
// to reference it:
//
//     a := tokenize.A
//
// Doing so saves you a lot of typing, and it makes your code a lot cleaner.
var A = struct {
	Rune           func(rune) Handler
	Runes          func(...rune) Handler
	RuneRange      func(rune, rune) Handler
	Str            func(string) Handler
	StrNoCase      func(string) Handler
	EndOfFile      Handler
	AnyRune        Handler
	ValidRune      Handler
	InvalidRune    Handler
	Space          Handler
	Tab            Handler
	CR             Handler
	LF             Handler
	CRLF           Handler
	Excl           Handler
	DoubleQuote    Handler
	Hash           Handler
	Dollar         Handler
	Percent        Handler
	Amp            Handler
	SingleQuote    Handler
	RoundOpen      Handler
	LeftParen      Handler
	RoundClose     Handler
	RightParen     Handler
	Asterisk       Handler
	Multiply       Handler
	Plus           Handler
	Add            Handler
	Comma          Handler
	Minus          Handler
	Subtract       Handler
	Dot            Handler
	Slash          Handler
	Divide         Handler
	Colon          Handler
	Semicolon      Handler
	AngleOpen      Handler
	LessThan       Handler
	Equal          Handler
	AngleClose     Handler
	GreaterThan    Handler
	Question       Handler
	At             Handler
	SquareOpen     Handler
	Backslash      Handler
	SquareClose    Handler
	Caret          Handler
	Underscore     Handler
	Backquote      Handler
	CurlyOpen      Handler
	Pipe           Handler
	CurlyClose     Handler
	Tilde          Handler
	Newline        Handler
	Blank          Handler
	Blanks         Handler
	Whitespace     Handler
	EndOfLine      Handler
	Digit          Handler
	DigitNotZero   Handler
	Digits         Handler
	Float          Handler
	Boolean        Handler
	Integer        Handler
	Signed         func(Handler) Handler
	IntegerBetween func(min int64, max int64) Handler
	ASCII          Handler
	ASCIILower     Handler
	ASCIIUpper     Handler
	Letter         Handler
	Lower          Handler
	Upper          Handler
	HexDigit       Handler
	Octet          Handler
	IPv4           Handler
	IPv4CIDRMask   Handler
	IPv4Netmask    Handler
	IPv4Net        Handler
	IPv6           Handler
	IPv6CIDRMask   Handler
	IPv6Net        Handler
}{
	Rune:           MatchRune,
	Runes:          MatchRunes,
	RuneRange:      MatchRuneRange,
	Str:            MatchStr,
	StrNoCase:      MatchStrNoCase,
	EndOfFile:      MatchEndOfFile(),
	AnyRune:        MatchAnyRune(),
	ValidRune:      MatchValidRune(),
	InvalidRune:    MatchInvalidRune(),
	Space:          MatchRune(' '),
	Tab:            MatchRune('\t'),
	CR:             MatchRune('\r'),
	LF:             MatchRune('\n'),
	CRLF:           MatchStr("\r\n"),
	Excl:           MatchRune('!'),
	DoubleQuote:    MatchRune('"'),
	Hash:           MatchRune('#'),
	Dollar:         MatchRune('$'),
	Percent:        MatchRune('%'),
	Amp:            MatchRune('&'),
	SingleQuote:    MatchRune('\''),
	RoundOpen:      MatchRune('('),
	LeftParen:      MatchRune('('),
	RoundClose:     MatchRune(')'),
	RightParen:     MatchRune(')'),
	Asterisk:       MatchRune('*'),
	Multiply:       MatchRune('*'),
	Plus:           MatchRune('+'),
	Add:            MatchRune('+'),
	Comma:          MatchRune(','),
	Minus:          MatchRune('-'),
	Subtract:       MatchRune('-'),
	Dot:            MatchRune('.'),
	Slash:          MatchRune('/'),
	Divide:         MatchRune('/'),
	Colon:          MatchRune(':'),
	Semicolon:      MatchRune(';'),
	AngleOpen:      MatchRune('<'),
	LessThan:       MatchRune('<'),
	Equal:          MatchRune('='),
	AngleClose:     MatchRune('>'),
	GreaterThan:    MatchRune('>'),
	Question:       MatchRune('?'),
	At:             MatchRune('@'),
	SquareOpen:     MatchRune('['),
	Backslash:      MatchRune('\\'),
	SquareClose:    MatchRune(']'),
	Caret:          MatchRune('^'),
	Underscore:     MatchRune('_'),
	Backquote:      MatchRune('`'),
	CurlyOpen:      MatchRune('{'),
	Pipe:           MatchRune('|'),
	CurlyClose:     MatchRune('}'),
	Tilde:          MatchRune('~'),
	Blank:          MatchBlank(),
	Blanks:         MatchBlanks(),
	Whitespace:     MatchWhitespace(),
	EndOfLine:      MatchEndOfLine(),
	Digit:          MatchDigit(),
	DigitNotZero:   MatchDigitNotZero(),
	Digits:         MatchDigits(),
	Integer:        MatchInteger(),
	Signed:         MatchSigned,
	IntegerBetween: MatchIntegerBetween,
	Float:          MatchFloat(),
	Boolean:        MatchBoolean(),
	ASCII:          MatchASCII(),
	ASCIILower:     MatchASCIILower(),
	ASCIIUpper:     MatchASCIIUpper(),
	Letter:         MatchUnicodeLetter(),
	Lower:          MatchUnicodeLower(),
	Upper:          MatchUnicodeUpper(),
	HexDigit:       MatchHexDigit(),
	Octet:          MatchOctet(false),
	IPv4:           MatchIPv4(true),
	IPv4CIDRMask:   MatchIPv4CIDRMask(true),
	IPv4Netmask:    MatchIPv4Netmask(true),
	IPv4Net:        MatchIPv4Net(true),
	IPv6:           MatchIPv6(true),
	IPv6CIDRMask:   MatchIPv6CIDRMask(true),
	IPv6Net:        MatchIPv6Net(true),
}

// M provides convenient access to a range of modifiers (which in their nature are
// parser/combinators) that can be used when creating Handler functions.
//
// In parsekit, a modifier is defined as a Handler function that modifies the
// resulting output of another Handler in some way. It does not do any matching
// against input of its own.
//
// When using M in your own parser, then it is advised to create a variable
// to reference it:
//
//     m := tokenize.M
//
// Doing so saves you a lot of typing, and it makes your code a lot cleaner.
var M = struct {
	Drop       func(Handler) Handler
	Trim       func(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler
	TrimLeft   func(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler
	TrimRight  func(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler
	TrimSpace  func(handler Handler) Handler
	ToLower    func(Handler) Handler
	ToUpper    func(Handler) Handler
	Replace    func(handler Handler, replaceWith string) Handler
	ByCallback func(Handler, func(string) string) Handler
}{
	Drop:       ModifyDrop,
	Trim:       ModifyTrim,
	TrimLeft:   ModifyTrimLeft,
	TrimRight:  ModifyTrimRight,
	TrimSpace:  ModifyTrimSpace,
	ToLower:    ModifyToLower,
	ToUpper:    ModifyToUpper,
	Replace:    ModifyReplace,
	ByCallback: ModifyByCallback,
}

// T provides convenient access to a range of Token producers (which in their
// nature are parser/combinators) that can be used when creating Handler
// functions.
//
// When using T in your own parser, then it is advised to create a variable
// to reference it:
//
//     t := tokenize.T
//
// Doing so saves you a lot of typing, and it makes your code a lot cleaner.
var T = struct {
	Str            func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	StrInterpreted func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Byte           func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Rune           func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Int            func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Int8           func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Int16          func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Int32          func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Int64          func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Uint           func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Uint8          func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Uint16         func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Uint32         func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Uint64         func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Float32        func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Float64        func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	Boolean        func(interface{}, Handler) Handler
	ByCallback     func(Handler, func(t *API) *Token) Handler
}{
	Str:            MakeStrLiteralToken,
	StrInterpreted: MakeStrInterpretedToken,
	Byte:           MakeByteToken,
	Rune:           MakeRuneToken,
	Int:            MakeIntToken,
	Int8:           MakeInt8Token,
	Int16:          MakeInt16Token,
	Int32:          MakeInt32Token,
	Int64:          MakeInt64Token,
	Uint:           MakeUintToken,
	Uint8:          MakeUint8Token,
	Uint16:         MakeUint16Token,
	Uint32:         MakeUint32Token,
	Uint64:         MakeUint64Token,
	Float32:        MakeFloat32Token,
	Float64:        MakeFloat64Token,
	Boolean:        MakeBooleanToken,
	ByCallback:     MakeTokenByCallback,
}

// MatchRune creates a Handler function that matches against the provided rune.
func MatchRune(expected rune) Handler {
	return MatchRuneByCallback(func(r rune) bool { return r == expected })
}

// MatchRunes creates a Handler function that checks if the input matches
// one of the provided runes.
func MatchRunes(expected ...rune) Handler {
	s := string(expected)
	return MatchRuneByCallback(func(r rune) bool { return strings.ContainsRune(s, r) })
}

// MatchRuneRange creates a Handler function that checks if the input
// matches the provided rune range. The rune range is defined by a start and
// an end rune, inclusive, so:
//
//     MatchRuneRange('g', 'k')
//
// creates a Handler that will match any of 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j' or 'k'.
func MatchRuneRange(start rune, end rune) Handler {
	if end < start {
		callerPanic("MatchRuneRange", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: start %q must not be < end %q", start, end)
	}
	return MatchRuneByCallback(func(r rune) bool { return r >= start && r <= end })
}

// MatchBlank creates a Handler that matches one rune from the input
// against blank characters, meaning tabs and spaces.
//
// When you need whitespace matching, which also includes characters like
// newlines, then take a look at MatchWhitespace().
func MatchBlank() Handler {
	return MatchRuneByCallback(func(r rune) bool { return r == ' ' || r == '\t' })
}

// MatchBlanks creates a Handler that matches the input against one
// or more blank characters, meaning tabs and spaces.
//
// When you need whitespace matching, which also includes characters like
// newlines, then make use of MatchSpace().
func MatchBlanks() Handler {
	return MatchOneOrMore(MatchBlank())
}

// MatchWhitespace creates a Handler that matches the input against one or more
// whitespace characters, as defined by unicode.
func MatchWhitespace() Handler {
	return MatchOneOrMore(MatchRuneByCallback(unicode.IsSpace))
}

// MatchRuneByCallback creates a Handler that matches a single rune from the
// input against the provided callback function. When the callback returns true,
// it is considered a match.
//
// Note that the callback function matches the signature of the unicode.Is* functions,
// so those can be used. E.g. MatchRuneByCallback(unicode.IsLower).
func MatchRuneByCallback(callback func(rune) bool) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		input, err := t.NextRune()
		if err == nil && callback(input) {
			t.Accept()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchEndOfLine creates a Handler that matches a newline ("\r\n" or "\n") or EOF.
func MatchEndOfLine() Handler {
	return MatchAny(MatchStr("\r\n"), MatchRune('\n'), MatchEndOfFile())
}

// MatchStr creates a Handler that matches the input against the provided string.
func MatchStr(expected string) Handler {
	var handlers = []Handler{}
	for _, r := range expected {
		handlers = append(handlers, MatchRune(r))
	}
	return MatchSeq(handlers...)
}

// MatchStrNoCase creates a Handler that matches the input against the
// provided string in a case-insensitive manner.
func MatchStrNoCase(expected string) Handler {
	var handlers = []Handler{}
	for _, r := range expected {
		u := unicode.ToUpper(r)
		l := unicode.ToLower(r)
		handlers = append(handlers, MatchRunes(u, l))
	}
	return MatchSeq(handlers...)
}

// MatchOpt creates a Handler that makes the provided Handler optional.
// When the provided Handler applies, then its output is used, otherwise
// no output is generated but still a successful match is reported (but the
// result will be empty).
func MatchOpt(handler Handler) Handler {
	return MatchMinMax(0, 1, handler)
}

// MatchSeq creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handlers can be
// applied in their exact order. Only if all Handlers apply, the sequence
// reports successful match.
func MatchSeq(handlers ...Handler) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		child := t.Fork()
		for _, handler := range handlers {
			subchild := child.Fork()
			if !handler(subchild) {
				return false
			}
			subchild.Merge()
		}
		child.Merge()
		return true
	}
}

// MatchAny creates a Handler that checks if any of the provided Handlers
// can be applied. They are applied in their provided order. The first Handler
// that applies is used for reporting back a match.
func MatchAny(handlers ...Handler) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		for _, handler := range handlers {
			child := t.Fork()
			if handler(child) {
				child.Merge()
				return true
			}
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchNot creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies to
// the current input. If it does, then a failed match will be reported. If it
// does not, then the next rune from the input will be reported as a match.
func MatchNot(handler Handler) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		if handler(t.Fork()) {
			return false
		}
		_, err := t.NextRune()
		if err == nil {
			t.Accept()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchRep creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can be
// applied exactly the provided amount of times.
//
// Note that the input can contain more than the provided number of matches, e.g.:
//
//     MatchRep(4, MatchRune('X'))
//
// will not match input "XXX", it will match input "XXXX", but also "XXXXXX".
// In that last case, there will be a remainder "XX" on the input.
//
// Another way to use this method, is by applying the following syntactic sugar:
//
//    MatchRune('X').Times(4)
func MatchRep(times int, handler Handler) Handler {
	return matchMinMax(times, times, handler, "MatchRep")
}

// MatchMin creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can be
// applied at least the provided minimum number of times.
// When more matches are possible, these will be included in the output.
func MatchMin(min int, handler Handler) Handler {
	if min < 0 {
		callerPanic("MatchMin", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: min must be >= 0")
	}
	return matchMinMax(min, -1, handler, "MatchMin")
}

// MatchMax creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can be
// applied at maximum the provided minimum number of times.
// When more matches are possible, thhandler(ese will be included in the output.
// Zero matches are considered a successful match.
func MatchMax(max int, handler Handler) Handler {
	if max < 0 {
		callerPanic("MatchMax", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: max must be >= 0")
	}
	return matchMinMax(0, max, handler, "MatchMax")
}

// MatchZeroOrMore creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can
// be applied zero or more times. All matches will be included in the output.
// Zero matches are considered a successful match.
func MatchZeroOrMore(handler Handler) Handler {
	return matchMinMax(0, -1, handler, "MatchZeroOfMore")
}

// MatchOneOrMore creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can
// be applied one or more times. All matches will be included in the output.
func MatchOneOrMore(handler Handler) Handler {
	return matchMinMax(1, -1, handler, "MatchOneOrMore")
}

// MatchMinMax creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can
// be applied between the provided minimum and maximum number of times,
// inclusive. All matches will be included in the output.
func MatchMinMax(min int, max int, handler Handler) Handler {
	if max < 0 {
		callerPanic("MatchMinMax", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: max must be >= 0")
	}
	if min < 0 {
		callerPanic("MatchMinMax", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: min must be >= 0")
	}
	return matchMinMax(min, max, handler, "MatchMinMax")
}

func matchMinMax(min int, max int, handler Handler, name string) Handler {
	if max >= 0 && min > max {
		callerPanic(name, "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: max %d must not be < min %d", max, min)
	}
	return func(t *API) bool {
		total := 0
		// Check for the minimum required amount of matches.
		for total < min {
			total++
			child := t.Fork()
			if !handler(child) {
				return false
			}
			child.Merge()
		}
		// No specified max: include the rest of the available matches.
		// Specified max: include the rest of the availble matches, up to the max.
		//child.Merge()
		for max < 0 || total < max {
			total++
			child := t.Fork()
			if !handler(child) {
				break
			}
			child.Merge()
		}
		return true
	}
}

// MatchSeparated creates a Handler that checks for a pattern of one or more
// Handlers of one type (the separated), separated by Handler of another type
// (the separator). All matches (separated + separator) are included in the
// output.
func MatchSeparated(separator Handler, separated Handler) Handler {
	return MatchSeq(separated, MatchZeroOrMore(MatchSeq(separator, separated)))
}

// MatchExcept creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler can be
// applied to the upcoming input. It also checks if the except Handler can be
// applied. If the handler applies, but the except Handler as well, then the match
// as a whole will be treated as a mismatch.
func MatchExcept(handler Handler, except Handler) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		if except(t.Fork()) {
			return false
		}
		return handler(t)
	}
}

// MatchSigned creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler is
// prefixed by an optional '+' or '-' sign. This can be used to turn numeric
// atoms into a signed version, e.g.
//
//     C.Signed(A.Integer)
func MatchSigned(handler Handler) Handler {
	sign := MatchOpt(MatchAny(MatchRune('+'), MatchRune('-')))
	return MatchSeq(sign, handler)
}

// MatchIntegerBetween creates a Handler that checks for an integer
// value between the provided min and max boundaries (inclusive).
// It uses an int64 for checking internally, so you can check values
// ranging from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807.
func MatchIntegerBetween(min int64, max int64) Handler {
	if max < min {
		callerPanic("MatchIntegerBetween", "Handler: {name} definition error at {caller}: max %d must not be < min %d", max, min)
	}
	digits := MatchSigned(MatchDigits())
	return func(t *API) bool {
		if !digits(t) {
			return false
		}
		value, _ := strconv.ParseInt(t.Result().String(), 10, 64)
		if value < min || value > max {
			return false
		}
		return true
	}
}

// MatchEndOfFile creates a Handler that checks if the end of the input data
// has been reached. This Handler will never produce output. It only reports
// a successful or a failing match through its boolean return value.
func MatchEndOfFile() Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		child := t.Fork()
		_, err := child.NextRune()
		return err == io.EOF
	}
}

// MatchAnyRune creates a Handler function that checks if a rune can be
// read from the input. Invalid runes on the input are replaced with the UTF8
// replacement rune \uFFFD (i.e. utf8.RuneError), which displays as �.
func MatchAnyRune() Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		_, err := t.NextRune()
		if err == nil {
			t.Accept()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchValidRune creates a Handler function that checks if a valid
// UTF8 rune can be read from the input.
func MatchValidRune() Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		r, err := t.NextRune()
		if err == nil && r != utf8.RuneError {
			t.Accept()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchInvalidRune creates a Handler function that checks if an invalid
// UTF8 rune can be read from the input.
func MatchInvalidRune() Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		r, err := t.NextRune()
		if err == nil && r == utf8.RuneError {
			t.Accept()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MatchDigit creates a Handler that checks if a single digit can be read
// from the input.
func MatchDigit() Handler {
	return MatchRuneRange('0', '9')
}

// MatchDigits creates a Handler that checks if one or more digits can be read
// from the input.
func MatchDigits() Handler {
	return MatchOneOrMore(MatchDigit())
}

// MatchDigitNotZero creates a Handler that checks if a single digit not equal
// to zero '0' can be read from the input.
func MatchDigitNotZero() Handler {
	return MatchRuneRange('1', '9')
}

// MatchInteger creates a Handler function that checks if a valid integer
// can be read from the input. In line with Go, an integer cannot start with
// a zero. Starting with a zero is used to indicate other bases, like octal or
// hexadecimal.
func MatchInteger() Handler {
	justZero := MatchRune('0')
	integer := MatchSeq(MatchDigitNotZero(), MatchZeroOrMore(MatchDigit()))
	return MatchAny(integer, justZero)
}

// MatchFloat creates a Handler function that checks if a valid float value
// can be read from the input. In case the fractional part is missing, this
// Handler will report a match, so both "123" and "123.123" will match.
func MatchFloat() Handler {
	digits := MatchDigits()
	return MatchSeq(digits, MatchOpt(MatchSeq(MatchRune('.'), digits)))
}

// MatchBoolean creates a Handler function that checks if a boolean
// value can be read from the input. It supports the boolean values as understood
// by Go's strconv.ParseBool() function.
//
// True values: true, TRUE, True, 1, t, T
//
// False falues: false, FALSE, False, 0, f, F
func MatchBoolean() Handler {
	trues := MatchAny(MatchStr("true"), MatchStr("TRUE"), MatchStr("True"), MatchRune('1'), MatchRune('t'), MatchRune('T'))
	falses := MatchAny(MatchStr("false"), MatchStr("FALSE"), MatchStr("False"), MatchRune('0'), MatchRune('f'), MatchRune('F'))
	return MatchAny(trues, falses)
}

// MatchASCII creates a Handler function that matches against any
// ASCII value on the input.
func MatchASCII() Handler {
	return MatchRuneRange('\x00', '\x7F')
}

// MatchASCIILower creates a Handler function that matches against any
// lower case ASCII letter on the input (a - z).
func MatchASCIILower() Handler {
	return MatchRuneRange('a', 'z')
}

// MatchASCIIUpper creates a Handler function that matches against any
// upper case ASCII letter on the input (a - z).
func MatchASCIIUpper() Handler {
	return MatchRuneRange('A', 'Z')
}

// MatchUnicodeLetter creates a Handler function that matches against any
// unicode letter on the input (see unicode.IsLetter(rune)).
func MatchUnicodeLetter() Handler {
	return MatchRuneByCallback(unicode.IsLetter)
}

// MatchUnicodeUpper creates a Handler function that matches against any
// upper case unicode letter on the input (see unicode.IsUpper(rune)).
func MatchUnicodeUpper() Handler {
	return MatchRuneByCallback(unicode.IsUpper)
}

// MatchUnicodeLower creates a Handler function that matches against any
// lower case unicode letter on the input (see unicode.IsLower(rune)).
func MatchUnicodeLower() Handler {
	return MatchRuneByCallback(unicode.IsLower)
}

// MatchHexDigit creates a Handler function that check if a single hexadecimal
// digit can be read from the input.
func MatchHexDigit() Handler {
	return MatchAny(MatchRuneRange('0', '9'), MatchRuneRange('a', 'f'), MatchRuneRange('A', 'F'))
}

// MatchOctet creates a Handler function that checks if a valid octet value
// can be read from the input (octet = byte value representation, with a value
// between 0 and 255 inclusive). It only looks at the first 1 to 3 upcoming
// digits, not if there's a non-digit after it, meaning that "123255" would be
// a valid sequence of two octets.
//
// When the normalize parameter is set to true, then leading zeroes will be
// stripped from the octet.
func MatchOctet(normalize bool) Handler {
	max3Digits := MatchMinMax(1, 3, MatchDigit())
	return func(t *API) bool {
		if !max3Digits(t) {
			return false
		}
		value, _ := strconv.ParseInt(t.Result().String(), 10, 16)
		if value > 255 {
			return false
		}
		if normalize {
			runes := t.Result().Runes()
			for len(runes) > 1 && runes[0] == '0' {
				runes = runes[1:]
			}
			t.Result().SetRunes(runes)
		}
		return true
	}
}

// MatchIPv4 creates a Handler function that checks if a valid IPv4
// IP address value can be read from the input.
//
// When the normalize parameter is true, IP-addresses that look like
// "192.168.001.012" will be normalize  to "192.168.1.12".
func MatchIPv4(normalize bool) Handler {
	octet := MatchOctet(normalize)
	dot := MatchRune('.')
	return MatchSeq(octet, dot, octet, dot, octet, dot, octet)
}

// MatchIPv4CIDRMask creates a Handler function that checks if a
// valid IPv4 CIDR mask (0 - 32) value can be read from the input.
func MatchIPv4CIDRMask(normalize bool) Handler {
	return matchCIDRMask(32, normalize)
}

// MatchIPv4Netmask creates a Handler function that checks if a valid
// IPv4 netmask can be read from input (e.g. 255.255.255.0).
// Only a netmask in canonical form is accepted (meaning that in binary form
// it start with zero or more 1-bits, followed by only 0-bits up to the
// 32 bit length).
//
// When the normalize parameter is true, netmasks that look like
// "255.255.192.000" will be normalized to "255.255.192.0".
func MatchIPv4Netmask(normalize bool) Handler {
	octet := MakeUint8Token(nil, MatchOctet(normalize))
	dot := MatchRune('.')
	netmask := MatchSeq(octet, dot, octet, dot, octet, dot, octet)

	return func(t *API) bool {
		if !netmask(t) {
			return false
		}

		// Check if the mask is provided in canonical form (ones followed by zeroes).
		r := t.Result()
		mask := net.IPv4Mask(r.Value(0).(byte), r.Value(1).(byte), r.Value(2).(byte), r.Value(3).(byte))
		ones, bits := mask.Size()
		if ones == 0 && bits == 0 {
			return false
		}

		r.ClearTokens()
		return true
	}
}

// MatchIPv4Net creates a Handler function that checks the input for an
// IPv4 + mask input. Both <ip>/<cidr> (e.g. 192.168.0.1/24) and <ip>/<netmask>
// (e.g. 172.16.10.254/255.255.192.0) are acceptable.
//
// When the normalize parameter is true, then the IP address and the mask are
// normalized. The mask will be normalized to cidr, so the above example would
// be normalized to 172.16.10.254/18.
func MatchIPv4Net(normalize bool) Handler {
	ip := MakeStrLiteralToken("ip", MatchIPv4(normalize))
	slash := MatchRune('/')
	mask := MatchAny(
		MakeStrLiteralToken("mask", MatchIPv4Netmask(normalize)),
		MakeUint8Token("cidr", MatchIPv4CIDRMask(normalize)))
	ipnet := MatchSeq(ip, slash, mask)

	return func(t *API) bool {
		if !ipnet(t) {
			return false
		}

		if !normalize {
			return true
		}

		r := t.Result()
		maskToken := r.Token(1)
		if maskToken.Type == "cidr" {
			r.SetRunes(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", r.Value(0), r.Value(1).(uint8)))
		} else {
			o := strings.Split(r.Value(1).(string), ".")
			b := func(idx int) byte { i, _ := strconv.Atoi(o[idx]); return byte(i) }
			mask := net.IPv4Mask(b(0), b(1), b(2), b(3))
			bits, _ := mask.Size()
			r.SetRunes(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%d", r.Value(0), bits))
		}

		r.ClearTokens()
		return true
	}
}

// MatchIPv6 creates a Handler function that checks if an IPv6 address
// can be read from the input.
func MatchIPv6(normalize bool) Handler {
	hextet := MatchMinMax(1, 4, MatchHexDigit())
	colon := MatchRune(':')
	empty := MatchSeq(colon, colon)

	return func(t *API) bool {
		nrOfHextets := 0
		for nrOfHextets < 8 {
			if hextet(t) {
				nrOfHextets++
			} else if empty(t) {
				nrOfHextets += 2
			} else if !colon(t) {
				break
			}
		}
		// No hextets or too many hextets (e.g. 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:: <-- since :: is 2 or more hextets).
		if nrOfHextets == 0 || nrOfHextets > 8 {
			return false
		}

		// Invalid IPv6, when net.ParseIP() cannot handle it.
		parsed := net.ParseIP(t.Result().String())
		if parsed == nil {
			return false
		}

		if normalize {
			t.Result().SetRunes(parsed.String())
		}
		return true
	}
}

// MatchIPv6CIDRMask creates a Handler function that checks if a
// valid IPv6 CIDR mask (0 - 128) value can be read from the input.
func MatchIPv6CIDRMask(normalize bool) Handler {
	return matchCIDRMask(128, normalize)
}

func matchCIDRMask(bits int64, normalize bool) Handler {
	mask := MatchIntegerBetween(0, bits)

	if !normalize {
		return mask
	}

	return func(t *API) bool {
		if !mask(t) {
			return false
		}
		r := t.Result()
		bits, _ := strconv.Atoi(r.String())
		t.Result().SetRunes(fmt.Sprintf("%d", bits))
		return true
	}
}

// MatchIPv6Net creates a Handler function that checks the input for an
// IPv6 + mask input, e.g. fe80:0:0:0:0216:3eff:fe96:0002/64.
//
// When the normalize parameter is true, then the IP address and the mask are
// normalized. The above example would be normalized to fe08::216:3eff:fe96:2/64.
func MatchIPv6Net(normalize bool) Handler {
	ip := MatchIPv6(normalize)
	slash := MatchRune('/')
	mask := MatchIPv6CIDRMask(normalize)
	return MatchSeq(ip, slash, mask)
}

// ModifyDrop creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is disposed completely.
//
// Note that if the Handler does not apply, a mismatch will be reported back,
// even though we would have dropped the output anyway. So if you would like
// to drop optional blanks (spaces and tabs), then use something like:
//
//     M.Drop(C.Opt(A.Blanks))
//
// instead of:
//
//     M.Drop(A.Blanks)
//
// Since A.Blanks is defined as "1 or more spaces and/or tabs", the input
// string "bork" would not match against the second form, but " bork" would.
// In both cases, it would match the first form.
func ModifyDrop(handler Handler) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		child := t.Fork()
		if handler(child) {
			child.Reset()
			child.Merge()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// ModifyTrim creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and characters from the provided
// cutset are trimmed from both the left and the right of the output.
func ModifyTrim(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler {
	return modifyTrim(handler, cutset, true, true)
}

// ModifyTrimLeft creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and characters from the provided
// cutset are trimmed from the left of the output.
func ModifyTrimLeft(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler {
	return modifyTrim(handler, cutset, true, false)
}

// ModifyTrimRight creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and characters from the provided
// cutset are trimmed from the right of the output.
func ModifyTrimRight(handler Handler, cutset string) Handler {
	return modifyTrim(handler, cutset, false, true)
}

func modifyTrim(handler Handler, cutset string, trimLeft bool, trimRight bool) Handler {
	modfunc := func(s string) string {
		if trimLeft {
			s = strings.TrimLeft(s, cutset)
		}
		if trimRight {
			s = strings.TrimRight(s, cutset)
		}
		return s
	}
	return ModifyByCallback(handler, modfunc)
}

// ModifyTrimSpace creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and all leading and trailing whitespace characters,
// as defined by Unicode are removed from it.
func ModifyTrimSpace(handler Handler) Handler {
	return ModifyByCallback(handler, strings.TrimSpace)
}

// ModifyToUpper creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and characters from the provided
// cutset are converted into upper case.
func ModifyToUpper(handler Handler) Handler {
	return ModifyByCallback(handler, strings.ToUpper)
}

// ModifyToLower creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and characters from the provided
// cutset are converted into lower case.
func ModifyToLower(handler Handler) Handler {
	return ModifyByCallback(handler, strings.ToLower)
}

// ModifyReplace creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is replaced by the provided string.
func ModifyReplace(handler Handler, replaceWith string) Handler {
	return ModifyByCallback(handler, func(string) string {
		return replaceWith
	})
}

// ModifyByCallback creates a Handler that checks if the provided Handler applies.
// If it does, then its output is taken and it is fed to the provided modfunc.
// This is a simple function that takes a string on input and returns a possibly
// modified string on output. The return value of the modfunc will replace the
// resulting output.
func ModifyByCallback(handler Handler, modfunc func(string) string) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		child := t.Fork()
		if handler(child) {
			s := modfunc(child.Result().String())
			child.Result().SetRunes(s)
			child.Merge()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}

// MakeStrLiteralToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to a string-typed
// representation of the read Runes. This string is literal, meaning that an
// escape sequence like "\n" is kept as-is (a backslash character, followed by
// an 'n'-character).
func MakeStrLiteralToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return MakeTokenByCallback(handler, func(t *API) *Token {
		literal := t.Result().String()
		return &Token{Type: toktype, Runes: t.Result().Runes(), Value: literal}
	})
}

// MakeStrInterpretedToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to a string-typed
// representation of the read Runes. This string is interpreted, meaning that an
// escape sequence like "\n" is translated to an actual newline control character
func MakeStrInterpretedToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return MakeTokenByCallback(handler, func(t *API) *Token {
		// TODO ERROR HANDLING
		interpreted, _ := interpretString(t.Result().String())
		return &Token{Type: toktype, Runes: t.Result().Runes(), Value: interpreted}
	})
}

func interpretString(str string) (string, error) {
	var sb strings.Builder
	for len(str) > 0 {
		r, _, remainder, err := strconv.UnquoteChar(str, '"')
		if err != nil {
			return sb.String(), err
		}
		str = remainder
		sb.WriteRune(r)
	}
	return sb.String(), nil
}

// MakeRuneToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to a Rune-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeRuneToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return MakeTokenByCallback(handler, func(t *API) *Token {
		// TODO ERROR HANDLING --- not a 1 rune input
		return &Token{Type: toktype, Runes: t.Result().Runes(), Value: t.Result().Rune(0)}
	})
}

// MakeByteToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to a Byte-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeByteToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return MakeTokenByCallback(handler, func(t *API) *Token {
		// TODO ERROR HANDLING --- not a 1 byte input
		return &Token{Type: toktype, Runes: t.Result().Runes(), Value: byte(t.Result().Rune(0))}
	})
}

// MakeIntToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an int-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeIntToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler, func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
		return strconv.Atoi(s)
	})
}

// MakeInt8Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an int8-representation
// of the read Rune.
// TODO allow other Go types for oct and hex too.
func MakeInt8Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 8)
			if err == nil {
				return int8(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeInt16Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an int16-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeInt16Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 16)
			if err == nil {
				return int16(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeInt32Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an int32-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeInt32Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 32)
			if err == nil {
				return int32(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeInt64Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an int64-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeInt64Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 64)
			if err == nil {
				return int64(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeUintToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an uint-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeUintToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 0)
			if err == nil {
				return uint(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeUint8Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an uint8-representation
// of the read Rune.
// TODO allow other Go types for oct and hex too.
func MakeUint8Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 8)
			if err == nil {
				return uint8(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeUint16Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an uint16-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeUint16Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 16)
			if err == nil {
				return uint16(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeUint32Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an uint32-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeUint32Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 32)
			if err == nil {
				return uint32(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeUint64Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an uint64-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeUint64Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
			if err == nil {
				return uint64(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeFloat32Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an float32-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeFloat32Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 32)
			if err == nil {
				return float32(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeFloat64Token creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an float64-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeFloat64Token(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64)
			if err == nil {
				return float64(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

// MakeBooleanToken creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token.Value is set to an bool-representation
// of the read Rune.
func MakeBooleanToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler) Handler {
	return makeStrconvToken(toktype, handler,
		func(s string) (interface{}, error) {
			value, err := strconv.ParseBool(s)
			if err == nil {
				return bool(value), err
			}
			return value, err
		})
}

func makeStrconvToken(toktype interface{}, handler Handler, convert func(s string) (interface{}, error)) Handler {
	pc, _, _, _ := runtime.Caller(1)
	fullName := runtime.FuncForPC(pc).Name()
	parts := strings.Split(fullName, ".")
	name := parts[len(parts)-1]
	return MakeTokenByCallback(handler, func(t *API) *Token {
		value, err := convert(t.Result().String())
		if err != nil {
			// TODO meh, panic feels so bad here. Maybe just turn this case into "no match"?
			panic(fmt.Sprintf(
				"Handler error: %s cannot handle input %q: %s "+
					"(only use a type conversion token maker, when the input has been "+
					"validated on beforehand)", name, t.Result().String(), err))
		}
		return &Token{Type: toktype, Runes: t.Result().Runes(), Value: value}
	})
}

// MakeTokenByCallback creates a Handler that will add a Token to the
// Result, for which the Token is to be generated by the provided
// callback function. The function gets the current API as its input and
// must return a complete Token.
func MakeTokenByCallback(handler Handler, callback func(t *API) *Token) Handler {
	return func(t *API) bool {
		child := t.Fork()
		if handler(child) {
			t.Result().AddTokens(callback(child))
			child.Merge()
			return true
		}
		return false
	}
}